restore/restore.8.in

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  28 .\"     $Id: restore.8.in,v 1.30 2003/03/30 15:40:39 stelian Exp $
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  30 .TH RESTORE 8 "version __VERSION__ of __DATE__" BSD "System management commands"
  31 .SH NAME
  32 restore \- restore files or file systems from backups made with dump
  33 .SH SYNOPSIS
  34 .B restore \-C
  35 [\fB\-cdklMvVy\fR]
  36 [\fB\-b \fIblocksize\fR]
  37 [\fB\-D \fIfilesystem\fR]
  38 [\fB\-f \fIfile\fR]
  39 [\fB\-F \fIscript\fR]
  40 [\fB\-L \fIlimit\fR]
  41 [\fB\-s \fIfileno\fR]
  42 [\fB\-T \fIdirectory\fR]
  43 .PP
  44 .B restore \-i
  45 [\fB\-acdhklmMNouvVy\fR]
  46 [\fB\-A \fIfile\fR]
  47 [\fB\-b \fIblocksize\fR]
  48 [\fB\-f \fIfile\fR]
  49 [\fB\-F \fIscript\fR]
  50 [\fB\-Q \fIfile\fR]
  51 [\fB\-s \fIfileno\fR]
  52 [\fB\-T \fIdirectory\fR]
  53 .PP
  54 .B restore \-P
  55 .I file
  56 [\fB\-acdhklmMNuvVy\fR]
  57 [\fB\-A \fIfile\fR]
  58 [\fB\-b \fIblocksize\fR]
  59 [\fB\-f \fIfile\fR]
  60 [\fB\-F \fIscript\fR]
  61 [\fB\-s \fIfileno\fR]
  62 [\fB\-T \fIdirectory\fR]
  63 [\fB\-X \fIfilelist\fR]
  64 [ \fIfile ... \fR]
  65 .PP
  66 .B restore \-R
  67 [\fB\-cdklMNuvVy\fR]
  68 [\fB\-b \fIblocksize\fR]
  69 [\fB\-f \fIfile\fR]
  70 [\fB\-F \fIscript\fR]
  71 [\fB\-s \fIfileno\fR]
  72 [\fB\-T \fIdirectory\fR]
  73 .PP
  74 .B restore \-r
  75 [\fB\-cdklMNuvVy\fR]
  76 [\fB\-b \fIblocksize\fR]
  77 [\fB\-f \fIfile\fR]
  78 [\fB\-F \fIscript\fR]
  79 [\fB\-s \fIfileno\fR]
  80 [\fB\-T \fIdirectory\fR]
  81 .PP
  82 .B restore \-t
  83 [\fB\-cdhklMNuvVy\fR]
  84 [\fB\-A \fIfile\fR]
  85 [\fB\-b \fIblocksize\fR]
  86 [\fB\-f \fIfile\fR]
  87 [\fB\-F \fIscript\fR]
  88 [\fB\-Q \fIfile\fR]
  89 [\fB\-s \fIfileno\fR]
  90 [\fB\-T \fIdirectory\fR]
  91 [\fB\-X \fIfilelist\fR]
  92 [ \fIfile ... \fR]
  93 .PP
  94 .B restore \-x
  95 [\fB\-adchklmMNouvVy\fR]
  96 [\fB\-A \fIfile\fR]
  97 [\fB\-b \fIblocksize\fR]
  98 [\fB\-f \fIfile\fR]
  99 [\fB\-F \fIscript\fR]
 100 [\fB\-Q \fIfile\fR]
 101 [\fB\-s \fIfileno\fR]
 102 [\fB\-T \fIdirectory\fR]
 103 [\fB\-X \fIfilelist\fR]
 104 [ \fIfile ... \fR]
 105 .PP
 106 (The 4.3BSD option syntax is implemented for backward compatibility but is not
 107 documented here.)
 108 .SH DESCRIPTION
 109 The
 110 .B restore
 111 command performs the inverse function of
 112 .BR dump (8).
 113 A full backup of a file system may be restored and subsequent incremental
 114 backups layered on top of it. Single files and directory subtrees may be
 115 restored from full or partial backups.
 116 .B Restore
 117 works across a network; to do this see the
 118 .B \-f
 119 flag described below. Other arguments to the command are file or directory
 120 names specifying the files that are to be restored. Unless the
 121 .B \-h
 122 flag is specified (see below), the appearance of a directory name refers to
 123 the files and (recursively) subdirectories of that directory.
 124 .PP
 125 Exactly one of the following flags is required:
 126 .TP
 127 .B \-C
 128 This mode allows comparison of files from a dump.
 129 .B Restore
 130 reads the backup and compares its contents with files present on the disk. It
 131 first changes its working directory to the root of the filesystem that was
 132 dumped and compares the tape with the files in its new current directory. See
 133 also the
 134 .B \-L
 135 flag described below.
 136 .TP
 137 .B \-i
 138 This mode allows interactive restoration of files from a dump. After reading in
 139 the directory information from the dump,
 140 .B restore
 141 provides a shell like interface that allows the user to move around the
 142 directory tree selecting files to be extracted. The available commands are
 143 given below; for those commands that require an argument, the default is the
 144 current directory.
 145 .RS
 146 .TP
 147 .B add \fR[\fIarg\fR]
 148 The current directory or specified argument is added to the list of files to be
 149 extracted.  If a directory is specified, then it and all its descendents are
 150 added to the extraction list (unless the
 151 .B \-h
 152 flag is specified on the command line). Files that are on the extraction list
 153 are prepended with a \*(lq*\*(rq when they are listed by
 154 .BR ls .
 155 .TP
 156 .BI cd " arg"
 157 Change the current working directory to the specified argument.
 158 .TP
 159 .B delete \fR[\fIarg\fR]
 160 The current directory or specified argument is deleted from the list of files
 161 to be extracted. If a directory is specified, then it and all its descendents
 162 are deleted from the extraction list (unless the
 163 .B \-h
 164 flag is specified on the command line). The most expedient way to extract most
 165 of the files from a directory is to add the directory to the extraction list
 166 and then delete those files that are not needed.
 167 .TP
 168 .B extract
 169 All files on the extraction list are extracted from the dump.
 170 .B Restore
 171 will ask which volume the user wishes to mount. The fastest way to extract a f
 172 ew files is to start with the last volume and work towards the first volume.
 173 .TP
 174 .B help
 175 List a summary of the available commands.
 176 .TP
 177 .B ls \fR[\fIarg\fR]
 178 List the current or specified directory. Entries that are directories are
 179 appended with a \*(lq/\*(rq. Entries that have been marked for extraction are
 180 prepended with a \*(lq*\*(rq. If the verbose flag is set, the inode number of
 181 each entry is also listed.
 182 .TP
 183 .B pwd
 184 Print the full pathname of the current working directory.
 185 .TP
 186 .B quit
 187 .B Restore
 188 immediately exits, even if the extraction list is not empty.
 189 .TP
 190 .B setmodes
 191 All directories that have been added to the extraction list have their owner,
 192 modes, and times set; nothing is extracted from the dump. This is useful for
 193 cleaning up after a
 194 .B restore
 195 has been prematurely aborted.
 196 .TP
 197 .B verbose
 198 The sense of the
 199 .B \-v
 200 flag is toggled. When set, the verbose flag causes the
 201 .B ls
 202 command to list the inode numbers of all entries. It also causes
 203 .B restore
 204 to print out information about each file as it is extracted.
 205 .RE
 206 .TP
 207 .BI \-P " file"
 208 .B Restore
 209 creates a new Quick File Access file
 210 .I file
 211 from an existing dump file without restoring its contents.
 212 .TP
 213 .B \-R
 214 .B Restore
 215 requests a particular tape of a multi-volume set on which to restart a full
 216 restore (see the
 217 .B \-r
 218 flag below). This is useful if the restore has been interrupted.
 219 .TP
 220 .B \-r
 221 Restore (rebuild) a file system. The target file system should be made pristine
 222 with
 223 .BR mke2fs (8),
 224 mounted, and the user
 225 .BR cd 'd
 226 into the pristine file system before starting the restoration of the initial
 227 level 0 backup. If the level 0 restores successfully, the
 228 .B \-r
 229 flag may be used to restore any necessary incremental backups on top of the
 230 level 0. The
 231 .B \-r
 232 flag precludes an interactive file extraction and can be detrimental to one's
 233 health (not to mention the disk) if not used carefully. An example:
 234 .IP
 235 .RS 14
 236 .B mke2fs /dev/sda1
 237 .TP
 238 .B mount /dev/sda1 /mnt
 239 .TP
 240 .B cd /mnt
 241 .TP
 242 .B restore rf /dev/st0
 243 .RE
 244 .IP
 245 Note that
 246 .B restore
 247 leaves a file
 248 .I restoresymtable
 249 in the root directory to pass information between incremental restore passes.
 250 This file should be removed when the last incremental has been restored.
 251 .IP
 252 .BR Restore ,
 253 in conjunction with
 254 .BR mke2fs (8)
 255 and
 256 .BR dump (8),
 257 may be used to modify file system parameters such as size or block size.
 258 .TP
 259 .B \-t
 260 The names of the specified files are listed if they occur on the backup. If no
 261 file argument is given, the root directory is listed, which results in the
 262 entire content of the backup being listed, unless the
 263 .B \-h
 264 flag has been specified.  Note that the
 265 .B \-t
 266 flag replaces the function of the old
 267 .BR dumpdir (8)
 268 program.  See also the
 269 .B \-X
 270 option below.
 271 .TP
 272 .B \-x
 273 The named files are read from the given media. If a named file matches a
 274 directory whose contents are on the backup and the
 275 .B \-h
 276 flag is not specified, the directory is recursively extracted. The owner,
 277 modification time, and mode are restored (if possible). If no file argument is
 278 given, the root directory is extracted, which results in the entire content of
 279 the backup being extracted, unless the
 280 .B \-h
 281 flag has been specified.  See also the
 282 .B \-X
 283 option below.
 284 .SH OPTIONS
 285 The following additional options may be specified:
 286 .TP
 287 .B \-a
 288 In
 289 .B \-i
 290 or
 291 .B \-x
 292 mode,
 293 .B restore
 294 does ask the user for the volume number on which the files to be extracted are
 295 supposed to be (in order to minimise the time by reading only the interesting
 296 volumes). The
 297 .B \-a
 298 option disables this behaviour and reads all the volumes starting with 1. This
 299 option is useful when the operator does not know on which volume the files to
 300 be extracted are and/or when he prefers the longer unattended mode rather than
 301 the shorter interactive mode.
 302 .TP
 303 .BI \-A " archive_file"
 304 Read the table of contents from
 305 .I archive_file
 306 instead of the media. This option can be used in combination with the
 307 .BR \-t ,
 308 .BR \-i ,
 309 or
 310 .B \-x
 311 options, making it possible to check whether files are on the media without
 312 having to mount the media.
 313 .TP
 314 .BI \-b " blocksize"
 315 The number of kilobytes per dump record. If the
 316 .B \-b
 317 option is not specified,
 318 .B restore
 319 tries to determine the media block size dynamically.
 320 .TP
 321 .B \-c
 322 Normally,
 323 .B restore
 324 will try to determine dynamically whether the dump was made from an old
 325 (pre-4.4) or new format file system. The
 326 .B \-c
 327 flag disables this check, and only allows reading a dump in the old format.
 328 .TP
 329 .B \-d
 330 The
 331 .B \-d
 332 (debug) flag causes
 333 .B restore
 334 to print debug information.
 335 .TP
 336 .BI \-D " filesystem"
 337 The
 338 .B \-D
 339 flag allows the user to specify the filesystem name when using
 340 .B restore
 341 with the
 342 .B \-C
 343 option to check the backup.
 344 .TP
 345 .BI \-f " file"
 346 Read the backup from
 347 .IR file ;
 348 .I file
 349 may be a special device file like
 350 .I /dev/st0
 351 (a tape drive),
 352 .I /dev/sda1
 353 (a disk drive), an ordinary file, or
 354 .I \-
 355 (the standard input). If the name of the file is of the form
 356 .I host:file
 357 or
 358 .IR user@host:file ,
 359 .B restore
 360 reads from the named file on the remote host using
 361 .BR rmt (8).
 362 .TP
 363 .BI \-F " script"
 364 Run script at the beginning of each tape. The device name and the current
 365 volume number are passed on the command line. The script must return 0 if
 366 .B restore
 367 should continue without asking the user to change the tape, 1 if
 368 .B restore
 369 should continue but ask the user to change the tape. Any other exit code will
 370 cause
 371 .B restore
 372 to abort. For security reasons,
 373 .B restore
 374 reverts back to the real user ID and the real group ID before running the
 375 script.
 376 .TP
 377 .B \-h
 378 Extract the actual directory, rather than the files that it references. This
 379 prevents hierarchical restoration of complete subtrees from the dump.
 380 .TP
 381 .B \-k
 382 Use Kerberos authentication when contacting the remote tape server. (Only
 383 available if this options was enabled when
 384 .B restore
 385 was compiled.)
 386 .TP
 387 .B \-l
 388 When doing remote restores, assume the remote file is a regular file (instead
 389 of a tape device). If you're restoring a remote compressed file, you will need
 390 to specify this option or
 391 .B restore
 392 will fail to access it correctly.
 393 .TP
 394 .BI \-L " limit"
 395 The
 396 .B \-L
 397 flag allows the user to specify a maximal number of miscompares when using
 398 .B restore
 399 with the
 400 .B \-C
 401 option to check the backup. If this limit is reached,
 402 .B restore
 403 will abort with an error message. A value of 0 (the default value) disables
 404 the check.
 405 .TP
 406 .B \-m
 407 Extract by inode numbers rather than by file name. This is useful if only a few
 408 files are being extracted, and one wants to avoid regenerating the complete
 409 pathname to the file.
 410 .TP
 411 .B \-M
 412 Enables the multi-volume feature (for reading dumps made using the
 413 .B \-M
 414 option of dump). The name specified with
 415 .B \-f
 416 is treated as a prefix and
 417 .B restore
 418 tries to read in sequence from
 419 .I <prefix>001, <prefix>002
 420 etc.
 421 .TP
 422 .B \-N
 423 The
 424 .B \-N
 425 flag causes
 426 .B restore
 427 to perform a full execution as requested by one of
 428 .BR \-i ,
 429 .BR \-R ,
 430 .BR \-r ,
 431 .B t
 432 or
 433 .B x
 434 command without actually writing any file on disk.
 435 .TP
 436 .B \-o
 437 The
 438 .B \-o
 439 flag causes
 440 .B restore
 441 to automatically restore the current directory permissions without asking the
 442 operator whether to do so in one of
 443 .B \-i
 444 or
 445 .B \-x
 446 modes.
 447 .TP
 448 .BI \-Q " file"
 449 Use the file
 450 .I file
 451 in order to read tape position as stored using the dump Quick File Access mode,
 452 in one of
 453 .BR \-i ,
 454 .B \-x
 455 or
 456 .B \-t
 457 mode.
 458 .IP
 459 It is recommended to set up the st driver to return logical tape positions
 460 rather than physical before calling
 461 .B dump/restore
 462 with parameter
 463 .BR \-Q .
 464 Since not all tape devices support physical tape positions those tape devices
 465 return an error during
 466 .B dump/restore
 467 when the st driver is set to the default physical setting. Please see the
 468 .BR st (4)
 469 man page, option
 470 .B MTSETDRVBUFFER
 471 , or the
 472 .BR mt(1)
 473 man page, on how to set the driver to return logical tape positions.
 474 .IP
 475 Before calling
 476 .B restore
 477 with parameter
 478 .BR \-Q ,
 479 always make sure the st driver is set to return the same type of tape position
 480 used during the call to
 481 .BR dump .
 482 Otherwise
 483 .B restore
 484 may be confused.
 485 .IP
 486 This option can be used when restoring from local or remote tapes (see above)
 487 or from local or remote files.
 488 .TP
 489 .BI \-s " fileno"
 490 Read from the specified
 491 .I fileno
 492 on a multi-file tape. File numbering starts at 1.
 493 .TP
 494 .BI \-T " directory"
 495 The
 496 .B \-T
 497 flag allows the user to specify a directory to use for the storage of temporary
 498 files. The default value is
 499 .IR /tmp .
 500 This flag is most useful when restoring files after having booted from a
 501 floppy. There might be little or no space on the floppy filesystem, but another
 502 source of space might exist.
 503 .TP
 504 .B \-u
 505 When creating certain types of files,
 506 .B restore
 507 may generate a warning diagnostic if they already exist in the target
 508 directory. To prevent this, the
 509 .B \-u
 510 (unlink) flag causes
 511 .B restore
 512 to remove old entries before attempting to create new ones.
 513 .TP
 514 .B \-v
 515 Normally
 516 .B restore
 517 does its work silently. The
 518 .B \-v
 519 (verbose) flag causes it to type the name of each file it treats preceded by
 520 its file type.
 521 .TP
 522 .B \-V
 523 Enables reading multi-volume non-tape mediums like CDROMs.
 524 .TP
 525 .BI \-X " filelist"
 526 Read list of files to be listed or extracted from the text file
 527 .I filelist
 528 in addition to those specified on the command line. This can be used in
 529 conjunction with the
 530 .B \-t
 531 or
 532 .B \-x
 533 commands. The file
 534 .I filelist
 535 should contain file names separated by newlines.
 536 .I filelist
 537 may be an ordinary file or
 538 .I -
 539 (the standard input).
 540 .TP
 541 .B \-y
 542 Do not ask the user whether to abort the restore in the event of an error.
 543 Always try to skip over the bad block(s) and continue.
 544 .SH DIAGNOSTICS
 545 Complains if it gets a read error. If
 546 .B y
 547 has been specified, or the user responds
 548 .BR y ,
 549 .B restore
 550 will attempt to continue the restore.
 551 .PP
 552 If a backup was made using more than one tape volume,
 553 .B restore
 554 will notify the user when it is time to mount the next volume. If the
 555 .B \-x
 556 or
 557 .B \-i
 558 flag has been specified,
 559 .B restore
 560 will also ask which volume the user wishes to mount. The fastest way to extract
 561 a few files is to start with the last volume, and work towards the first volume.
 562 .PP
 563 There are numerous consistency checks that can be listed by
 564 .BR restore .
 565 Most checks are self-explanatory or can \*(lqnever happen\*(rq. Common errors
 566 are given below:
 567 .TP
 568 .I Converting to new file system format
 569 A dump tape created from the old file system has been loaded. It is
 570 automatically converted to the new file system format.
 571 .TP
 572 .I <filename>: not found on tape
 573 The specified file name was listed in the tape directory, but was not found on
 574 the tape. This is caused by tape read errors while looking for the file, and
 575 from using a dump tape created on an active file system.
 576 .TP
 577 .I expected next file <inumber>, got <inumber>
 578 A file that was not listed in the directory showed up. This can occur when
 579 using a dump created on an active file system.
 580 .TP
 581 .I Incremental dump too low
 582 When doing an incremental restore, a dump that was written before the previous
 583 incremental dump, or that has too low an incremental level has been loaded.
 584 .TP
 585 .I Incremental dump too high
 586 When doing an incremental restore, a dump that does not begin its coverage
 587 where the previous incremental dump left off, or that has too high an
 588 incremental level has been loaded.
 589 .TP
 590 .I Tape read error while restoring <filename>
 591 .TP
 592 .I Tape read error while skipping over inode <inumber>
 593 .TP
 594 .I Tape read error while trying to resynchronize
 595 A tape (or other media) read error has occurred. If a file name is specified,
 596 its contents are probably partially wrong. If an inode is being skipped or the
 597 tape is trying to resynchronize, no extracted files have been corrupted, though
 598 files may not be found on the tape.
 599 .TP
 600 .I resync restore, skipped <num> blocks
 601 After a dump read error,
 602 .B restore
 603 may have to resynchronize itself. This message lists the number of blocks that
 604 were skipped over.
 605 .SH EXIT STATUS
 606 .B Restore
 607 exits with zero status on success. Tape errors are indicated with an exit code
 608 of 1.
 609 .PP
 610 When doing a comparison of files from a dump, an exit code of 2 indicates that
 611 some files were modified or deleted since the dump was made.
 612 .SH ENVIRONMENT
 613 If the following environment variable exists it will be utilized by
 614 .BR restore :
 615 .TP
 616 .B TAPE
 617 If no
 618 .B \-f
 619 option was specified,
 620 .B restore
 621 will use the device specified via
 622 .B TAPE
 623 as the dump device.
 624 .B TAPE
 625 may be of the form
 626 .IR tapename ,
 627 .I host:tapename
 628 or
 629 .IR user@host:tapename .
 630 .TP
 631 .B TMPDIR
 632 The directory given in
 633 .B TMPDIR
 634 will be used instead of
 635 .I /tmp
 636 to store temporary files.
 637 .TP
 638 .B RMT
 639 The environment variable
 640 .B RMT
 641 will be used to determine the pathname of the remote
 642 .BR rmt (8)
 643 program.
 644 .TP
 645 .B RSH
 646 .B Restore
 647 uses the contents of this variable to determine the name of the remote shell
 648 command to use when doing a network restore (rsh, ssh etc.). If this variable
 649 is not set,
 650 .BR rcmd (3)
 651 will be used, but only root will be able to do a network restore.
 652 .SH FILES
 653 .TP
 654 .I /dev/st0
 655 the default tape drive
 656 .TP
 657 .I /tmp/rstdir*
 658 file containing directories on the tape
 659 .TP
 660 .I /tmp/rstmode*
 661 owner, mode, and time stamps for directories
 662 .TP
 663 .I ./restoresymtable
 664 information passed between incremental restores
 665 .SH SEE ALSO
 666 .BR dump (8),
 667 .BR mount (8),
 668 .BR mke2fs (8),
 669 .BR rmt (8)
 670 .SH BUGS
 671 .B Restore
 672 can get confused when doing incremental restores from dumps that were made on
 673 active file systems.
 674 .PP
 675 A level 0 dump must be done after a full restore. Because
 676 .B restore
 677 runs in user code, it has no control over inode allocation; thus a full dump
 678 must be done to get a new set of directories reflecting the new inode
 679 numbering, even though the content of the files is unchanged.
 680 .PP
 681 The temporary files
 682 .I /tmp/rstdir*
 683 and
 684 .I /tmp/rstmode*
 685 are generated with a unique name based on the date of the dump and the process
 686 ID (see
 687 .BR mktemp (3) ),
 688 except when
 689 .B \-r
 690 or
 691 .B \-R
 692 is used. Because
 693 .B \-R
 694 allows you to restart a
 695 .B \-r
 696 operation that may have been interrupted, the temporary files should be the
 697 same across different processes. In all other cases, the files are unique
 698 because it is possible to have two different dumps started at the same time,
 699 and separate operations shouldn't conflict with each other.
 700 .PP
 701 To do a network restore, you have to run
 702 .B restore
 703 as root or use a remote shell replacement (see
 704 .B RSH
 705 variable).  This is due to the previous security history of
 706 .B dump
 707 and
 708 .BR restore .
 709 (
 710 .B restore
 711 is written to be setuid root, but we are not certain all bugs are gone from the
 712 code - run setuid at your own risk.)
 713 .PP
 714 At the end of restores in
 715 .B \-i
 716 or
 717 .B \-x
 718 modes (unless
 719 .B \-o
 720 option is in use),
 721 .B restore
 722 will ask the operator whether to set the permissions on the current
 723 directory. If the operator confirms this action, the permissions
 724 on the directory from where
 725 .B restore
 726 was launched will be replaced by the permissions on the dumped root
 727 inode. Although this behaviour is not really a bug, it has proven itself
 728 to be confusing for many users, so it is recommended to answer 'no',
 729 unless you're performing a full restore and you do want to restore the
 730 permissions on '/'.
 731 .SH AUTHOR
 732 The
 733 .B dump/restore
 734 backup suite was ported to Linux's Second Extended File System by Remy Card
 735 <card@Linux.EU.Org>. He maintained the initial versions of
 736 .B dump
 737 (up and including 0.4b4, released in january 1997).
 738 .PP
 739 Starting with 0.4b5, the new maintainer is Stelian Pop <stelian@popies.net>.
 740 .SH AVAILABILITY
 741 The
 742 .B dump/restore
 743 backup suite is available from <http://dump.sourceforge.net>
 744 .SH HISTORY
 745 The
 746 .B restore
 747 command appeared in 4.2BSD.