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1227625a SP |
1 | .\" Copyright (c) 1985, 1991, 1993 |
2 | .\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. | |
3 | .\" | |
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5 | .\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions | |
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7 | .\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright | |
8 | .\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. | |
9 | .\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright | |
10 | .\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the | |
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13 | .\" must display the following acknowledgement: | |
14 | .\" This product includes software developed by the University of | |
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31 | .\" | |
3d78f5f2 | 32 | .\" $Id: restore.8.in,v 1.10 2000/05/28 16:52:21 stelian Exp $ |
1227625a | 33 | .\" |
8d4197bb | 34 | .Dd __DATE__ |
1227625a | 35 | .Dt RESTORE 8 |
df9ae507 | 36 | .Os "restore __VERSION__" |
1227625a SP |
37 | .Sh NAME |
38 | .Nm restore | |
39 | .Nd "restore files or file systems from backups made with dump" | |
40 | .Sh SYNOPSIS | |
41 | .Nm restore | |
42 | .Fl C | |
dc7cb1e2 | 43 | .Op Fl ckMvy |
1227625a SP |
44 | .Op Fl b Ar blocksize |
45 | .Op Fl D Ar filesystem | |
46 | .Op Fl f Ar file | |
47 | .Op Fl s Ar fileno | |
48 | .Op Fl T Ar directory | |
49 | .Nm restore | |
50 | .Fl i | |
dc7cb1e2 | 51 | .Op Fl chkmMNuvy |
1227625a SP |
52 | .Op Fl b Ar blocksize |
53 | .Op Fl f Ar file | |
54 | .Op Fl s Ar fileno | |
55 | .Op Fl T Ar directory | |
56 | .Nm restore | |
57 | .Fl R | |
dc7cb1e2 | 58 | .Op Fl ckMNuvy |
1227625a SP |
59 | .Op Fl b Ar blocksize |
60 | .Op Fl f Ar file | |
61 | .Op Fl s Ar fileno | |
62 | .Op Fl T Ar directory | |
63 | .Nm restore | |
64 | .Fl r | |
dc7cb1e2 | 65 | .Op Fl ckMNuvy |
1227625a SP |
66 | .Op Fl b Ar blocksize |
67 | .Op Fl f Ar file | |
68 | .Op Fl s Ar fileno | |
69 | .Op Fl T Ar directory | |
70 | .Nm restore | |
71 | .Fl t | |
dc7cb1e2 | 72 | .Op Fl chkMNuvy |
1227625a SP |
73 | .Op Fl b Ar blocksize |
74 | .Op Fl f Ar file | |
75 | .Op Fl s Ar fileno | |
76 | .Op Fl T Ar directory | |
08db2b86 | 77 | .Op Fl X Ar filelist |
1227625a | 78 | .Op file ... |
08db2b86 SP |
79 | .Nm restore |
80 | .Fl x | |
81 | .Op Fl chkmMNuvy | |
82 | .Op Fl b Ar blocksize | |
83 | .Op Fl f Ar file | |
84 | .Op Fl s Ar fileno | |
85 | .Op Fl T Ar directory | |
86 | .Op Fl X Ar filelist | |
1a05d45d | 87 | .Op file ... |
1227625a | 88 | .Pp |
8d4197bb | 89 | .in |
1227625a SP |
90 | (The |
91 | .Bx 4.3 | |
ddd2ef55 | 92 | option syntax is implemented for backward compatibility but |
1227625a SP |
93 | is not documented here.) |
94 | .Sh DESCRIPTION | |
95 | The | |
96 | .Nm restore | |
97 | command performs the inverse function of | |
98 | .Xr dump 8 . | |
99 | A full backup of a file system may be restored and | |
100 | subsequent incremental backups layered on top of it. | |
101 | Single files and | |
102 | directory subtrees may be restored from full or partial | |
103 | backups. | |
104 | .Nm Restore | |
105 | works across a network; | |
106 | to do this see the | |
107 | .Fl f | |
108 | flag described below. | |
109 | Other arguments to the command are file or directory | |
110 | names specifying the files that are to be restored. | |
111 | Unless the | |
112 | .Fl h | |
113 | flag is specified (see below), | |
114 | the appearance of a directory name refers to | |
115 | the files and (recursively) subdirectories of that directory. | |
116 | .Pp | |
117 | Exactly one of the following flags is required: | |
118 | .Bl -tag -width Ds | |
119 | .It Fl C | |
120 | This mode allows comparison of files from a dump. | |
121 | .Nm Restore | |
122 | reads the backup and compares its contents with files present on the | |
123 | disk. | |
124 | It first changes its working directory to the root of the filesystem | |
125 | that was dumped and compares the tape with the files in its new | |
126 | current directory. | |
127 | .It Fl i | |
128 | This mode allows interactive restoration of files from a dump. | |
129 | After reading in the directory information from the dump, | |
130 | .Nm restore | |
131 | provides a shell like interface that allows the user to move | |
132 | around the directory tree selecting files to be extracted. | |
133 | The available commands are given below; | |
134 | for those commands that require an argument, | |
135 | the default is the current directory. | |
136 | .Bl -tag -width Fl | |
137 | .It Ic add Op Ar arg | |
138 | The current directory or specified argument is added to the list of | |
139 | files to be extracted. | |
140 | If a directory is specified, then it and all its descendents are | |
141 | added to the extraction list | |
142 | (unless the | |
143 | .Fl h | |
144 | flag is specified on the command line). | |
ddd2ef55 SP |
145 | Files that are on the extraction list are prepended with a |
146 | .Dq \&* | |
1227625a SP |
147 | when they are listed by |
148 | .Ic ls . | |
149 | .It Ic \&cd Ar arg | |
150 | Change the current working directory to the specified argument. | |
151 | .It Ic delete Op Ar arg | |
152 | The current directory or specified argument is deleted from the list of | |
153 | files to be extracted. | |
154 | If a directory is specified, then it and all its descendents are | |
155 | deleted from the extraction list | |
156 | (unless the | |
157 | .Fl h | |
158 | flag is specified on the command line). | |
159 | The most expedient way to extract most of the files from a directory | |
160 | is to add the directory to the extraction list and then delete | |
161 | those files that are not needed. | |
162 | .It Ic extract | |
ddd2ef55 | 163 | All files on the extraction list are extracted |
1227625a SP |
164 | from the dump. |
165 | .Nm Restore | |
166 | will ask which volume the user wishes to mount. | |
167 | The fastest way to extract a few files is to | |
ddd2ef55 | 168 | start with the last volume and work towards the first volume. |
1227625a SP |
169 | .It Ic help |
170 | List a summary of the available commands. | |
171 | .It Ic \&ls Op Ar arg | |
172 | List the current or specified directory. | |
ddd2ef55 SP |
173 | Entries that are directories are appended with a |
174 | .Dq \&* . | |
1227625a SP |
175 | Entries that have been marked for extraction are prepended with a ``*''. |
176 | If the verbose | |
ddd2ef55 | 177 | flag is set, the inode number of each entry is also listed. |
1227625a SP |
178 | .It Ic pwd |
179 | Print the full pathname of the current working directory. | |
180 | .It Ic quit | |
181 | Restore immediately exits, | |
182 | even if the extraction list is not empty. | |
183 | .It Ic setmodes | |
ddd2ef55 | 184 | All directories that have been added to the extraction list |
1227625a SP |
185 | have their owner, modes, and times set; |
186 | nothing is extracted from the dump. | |
187 | This is useful for cleaning up after a restore has been prematurely aborted. | |
188 | .It Ic verbose | |
189 | The sense of the | |
190 | .Fl v | |
191 | flag is toggled. | |
192 | When set, the verbose flag causes the | |
193 | .Ic ls | |
194 | command to list the inode numbers of all entries. | |
195 | It also causes | |
196 | .Nm restore | |
197 | to print out information about each file as it is extracted. | |
198 | .El | |
199 | .It Fl R | |
200 | .Nm Restore | |
ddd2ef55 | 201 | requests a particular tape of a multi-volume set on which to restart |
1227625a SP |
202 | a full restore |
203 | (see the | |
204 | .Fl r | |
205 | flag below). | |
206 | This is useful if the restore has been interrupted. | |
207 | .It Fl r | |
ddd2ef55 | 208 | Restore (rebuild) a file system. |
1227625a | 209 | The target file system should be made pristine with |
8d4197bb | 210 | .Xr mke2fs 8 , |
ddd2ef55 | 211 | mounted, and the user |
1227625a SP |
212 | .Xr cd Ns 'd |
213 | into the pristine file system | |
214 | before starting the restoration of the initial level 0 backup. If the | |
215 | level 0 restores successfully, the | |
216 | .Fl r | |
217 | flag may be used to restore | |
218 | any necessary incremental backups on top of the level 0. | |
219 | The | |
220 | .Fl r | |
221 | flag precludes an interactive file extraction and can be | |
ddd2ef55 SP |
222 | detrimental to one's health (not to mention the disk) if not used carefully. |
223 | An example: | |
1227625a | 224 | .Bd -literal -offset indent |
8d4197bb SP |
225 | mke2fs /dev/sda1 |
226 | mount /dev/sda1 /mnt | |
1227625a SP |
227 | cd /mnt |
228 | ||
8d4197bb | 229 | restore rf /dev/st0 |
1227625a SP |
230 | .Ed |
231 | .Pp | |
232 | Note that | |
233 | .Nm restore | |
234 | leaves a file | |
235 | .Pa restoresymtable | |
236 | in the root directory to pass information between incremental | |
237 | restore passes. | |
238 | This file should be removed when the last incremental has been | |
239 | restored. | |
240 | .Pp | |
241 | .Nm Restore , | |
242 | in conjunction with | |
8d4197bb | 243 | .Xr mke2fs 8 |
1227625a SP |
244 | and |
245 | .Xr dump 8 , | |
246 | may be used to modify file system parameters | |
247 | such as size or block size. | |
248 | .It Fl t | |
249 | The names of the specified files are listed if they occur | |
250 | on the backup. | |
251 | If no file argument is given, | |
ddd2ef55 | 252 | the root directory is listed, |
1227625a SP |
253 | which results in the entire content of the |
254 | backup being listed, | |
255 | unless the | |
256 | .Fl h | |
257 | flag has been specified. | |
258 | Note that the | |
259 | .Fl t | |
260 | flag replaces the function of the old | |
261 | .Xr dumpdir 8 | |
262 | program. | |
08db2b86 SP |
263 | See also the |
264 | .Fl X | |
265 | option below. | |
1227625a SP |
266 | .ne 1i |
267 | .It Fl x | |
268 | The named files are read from the given media. | |
269 | If a named file matches a directory whose contents | |
270 | are on the backup | |
271 | and the | |
272 | .Fl h | |
273 | flag is not specified, | |
274 | the directory is recursively extracted. | |
275 | The owner, modification time, | |
276 | and mode are restored (if possible). | |
277 | If no file argument is given, | |
ddd2ef55 | 278 | the root directory is extracted, |
1227625a SP |
279 | which results in the entire content of the |
280 | backup being extracted, | |
281 | unless the | |
282 | .Fl h | |
283 | flag has been specified. | |
08db2b86 SP |
284 | See also the |
285 | .Fl X | |
286 | option below. | |
1227625a SP |
287 | .El |
288 | .Pp | |
289 | The following additional options may be specified: | |
290 | .Bl -tag -width Ds | |
291 | .It Fl b Ar blocksize | |
292 | The number of kilobytes per dump record. | |
293 | If the | |
294 | .Fl b | |
295 | option is not specified, | |
296 | .Nm restore | |
b45f51d6 | 297 | tries to determine the media block size dynamically. |
1227625a SP |
298 | .It Fl c |
299 | Normally, | |
300 | .Nm restore | |
301 | will try to determine dynamically whether the dump was made from an | |
b45f51d6 | 302 | old (pre-4.4) or new format file system. The |
1227625a SP |
303 | .Fl c |
304 | flag disables this check, and only allows reading a dump in the old | |
305 | format. | |
306 | .It Fl D Ar filesystem | |
307 | The | |
308 | .Fl D | |
309 | flag allows the user to specify the filesystem name when using | |
310 | .Nm restore | |
311 | with the | |
312 | .Fl C | |
313 | option to check the backup. | |
314 | .It Fl f Ar file | |
315 | Read the backup from | |
316 | .Ar file ; | |
317 | .Ar file | |
318 | may be a special device file | |
319 | like | |
ddd2ef55 | 320 | .Pa /dev/st0 |
1227625a | 321 | (a tape drive), |
8d4197bb | 322 | .Pa /dev/sda1 |
1227625a SP |
323 | (a disk drive), |
324 | an ordinary file, | |
325 | or | |
326 | .Ql Fl | |
327 | (the standard input). | |
328 | If the name of the file is of the form | |
ddd2ef55 | 329 | .Dq host:file |
1227625a SP |
330 | or |
331 | .Dq user@host:file , | |
332 | .Nm restore | |
333 | reads from the named file on the remote host using | |
334 | .Xr rmt 8 . | |
335 | .Pp | |
b45f51d6 SP |
336 | .It Fl k |
337 | Use Kerberos authentication when contacting the remote tape server. | |
338 | (Only available if this options was enabled when | |
339 | .Nm restore | |
340 | was compiled.) | |
341 | .Pp | |
1227625a SP |
342 | .It Fl h |
343 | Extract the actual directory, | |
344 | rather than the files that it references. | |
345 | This prevents hierarchical restoration of complete subtrees | |
346 | from the dump. | |
347 | .It Fl m | |
348 | Extract by inode numbers rather than by file name. | |
349 | This is useful if only a few files are being extracted, | |
350 | and one wants to avoid regenerating the complete pathname | |
351 | to the file. | |
dc7cb1e2 SP |
352 | .It Fl M |
353 | Enables the multi-volume feature (for reading dumps made using | |
354 | the | |
355 | .Fl M | |
356 | option of dump). The name specified with | |
357 | .Fl f | |
358 | is treated as a prefix and | |
359 | .Nm | |
360 | tries to read in sequence from <prefix>001, <prefix>002 etc. | |
1227625a SP |
361 | .It Fl N |
362 | The | |
363 | .Fl N | |
364 | flag causes | |
dc7cb1e2 SP |
365 | .Nm |
366 | to only print file names. Files are not extracted. | |
1227625a SP |
367 | .It Fl s Ar fileno |
368 | Read from the specified | |
369 | .Ar fileno | |
370 | on a multi-file tape. | |
371 | File numbering starts at 1. | |
372 | .It Fl T Ar directory | |
373 | The | |
374 | .Fl T | |
375 | flag allows the user to specify a directory to use for the storage of | |
376 | temporary files. The default value is /tmp. This flag is most useful | |
377 | when restoring files after having booted from a floppy. There might be little | |
378 | or no space on the floppy filesystem, but another source of space might exist. | |
b45f51d6 SP |
379 | .It Fl u |
380 | When creating certain types of files, restore may generate a warning | |
381 | diagnostic if they already exist in the target directory. | |
382 | To prevent this, the | |
383 | .Fl u | |
384 | (unlink) flag causes restore to remove old entries before attempting | |
385 | to create new ones. | |
1227625a SP |
386 | .It Fl v |
387 | Normally | |
388 | .Nm restore | |
389 | does its work silently. | |
390 | The | |
391 | .Fl v | |
392 | (verbose) | |
393 | flag causes it to type the name of each file it treats | |
394 | preceded by its file type. | |
08db2b86 | 395 | .It Fl X Ar filelist |
1a05d45d | 396 | Read list of files to be listed or extracted from the text file |
08db2b86 | 397 | .Ar filelist |
1a05d45d | 398 | in addition to those specified on the command line. This can be used in |
08db2b86 SP |
399 | conjunction with the |
400 | .Fl t | |
401 | or | |
402 | .Fl x | |
403 | commands. The file | |
404 | .Ar filelist | |
405 | should contain file names separated by newlines. | |
1a05d45d SP |
406 | .Ar filelist |
407 | may be an ordinary file or | |
408 | .Ql Fl | |
409 | (the standard input). | |
1227625a SP |
410 | .It Fl y |
411 | Do not ask the user whether to abort the restore in the event of an error. | |
412 | Always try to skip over the bad block(s) and continue. | |
413 | .El | |
414 | .Sh DIAGNOSTICS | |
ddd2ef55 | 415 | Complains if it gets a read error. |
1227625a SP |
416 | If |
417 | .Fl y | |
418 | has been specified, or the user responds | |
419 | .Ql y , | |
420 | .Nm restore | |
421 | will attempt to continue the restore. | |
422 | .Pp | |
423 | If a backup was made using more than one tape volume, | |
424 | .Nm restore | |
425 | will notify the user when it is time to mount the next volume. | |
426 | If the | |
427 | .Fl x | |
428 | or | |
429 | .Fl i | |
430 | flag has been specified, | |
431 | .Nm restore | |
432 | will also ask which volume the user wishes to mount. | |
433 | The fastest way to extract a few files is to | |
434 | start with the last volume, and work towards the first volume. | |
435 | .Pp | |
436 | There are numerous consistency checks that can be listed by | |
437 | .Nm restore . | |
ddd2ef55 SP |
438 | Most checks are self-explanatory or can |
439 | .Dq never happen . | |
1227625a SP |
440 | Common errors are given below. |
441 | .Pp | |
442 | .Bl -tag -width Ds -compact | |
ddd2ef55 | 443 | .It Converting to new file system format |
1227625a SP |
444 | A dump tape created from the old file system has been loaded. |
445 | It is automatically converted to the new file system format. | |
446 | .Pp | |
447 | .It <filename>: not found on tape | |
448 | The specified file name was listed in the tape directory, | |
449 | but was not found on the tape. | |
450 | This is caused by tape read errors while looking for the file, | |
451 | and from using a dump tape created on an active file system. | |
452 | .Pp | |
453 | .It expected next file <inumber>, got <inumber> | |
454 | A file that was not listed in the directory showed up. | |
455 | This can occur when using a dump created on an active file system. | |
456 | .Pp | |
457 | .It Incremental dump too low | |
ddd2ef55 | 458 | When doing an incremental restore, |
1227625a SP |
459 | a dump that was written before the previous incremental dump, |
460 | or that has too low an incremental level has been loaded. | |
461 | .Pp | |
462 | .It Incremental dump too high | |
ddd2ef55 | 463 | When doing an incremental restore, |
1227625a SP |
464 | a dump that does not begin its coverage where the previous incremental |
465 | dump left off, | |
466 | or that has too high an incremental level has been loaded. | |
467 | .Pp | |
468 | .It Tape read error while restoring <filename> | |
469 | .It Tape read error while skipping over inode <inumber> | |
470 | .It Tape read error while trying to resynchronize | |
471 | A tape (or other media) read error has occurred. | |
472 | If a file name is specified, | |
ddd2ef55 | 473 | its contents are probably partially wrong. |
1227625a | 474 | If an inode is being skipped or the tape is trying to resynchronize, |
ddd2ef55 | 475 | no extracted files have been corrupted, |
1227625a SP |
476 | though files may not be found on the tape. |
477 | .Pp | |
478 | .It resync restore, skipped <num> blocks | |
479 | After a dump read error, | |
480 | .Nm restore | |
481 | may have to resynchronize itself. | |
482 | This message lists the number of blocks that were skipped over. | |
483 | .El | |
3d78f5f2 SP |
484 | .Pp |
485 | .Nm Restore | |
486 | exits with zero status on success. | |
487 | Tape errors are indicated with an exit code of 1. | |
488 | .Pp | |
489 | When doing a comparison of files from a dump, an exit code | |
490 | of 2 indicates that some files were modified or deleted since | |
491 | the dump was made. | |
b45f51d6 | 492 | .Sh ENVIRONMENT |
ddd2ef55 SP |
493 | If the following environment variable exists it will be utilized by |
494 | .Nm restore : | |
495 | .Pp | |
496 | .Bl -tag -width "TMPDIR" -compact | |
b45f51d6 SP |
497 | .It Ev TAPE |
498 | If no -f option was specified, | |
499 | .Nm | |
500 | will use the device specified via | |
501 | .Ev TAPE | |
502 | as the dump device. | |
503 | .Ev TAPE | |
504 | may be of the form | |
505 | .Qq tapename , | |
ddd2ef55 | 506 | .Qq host:tapename |
b45f51d6 SP |
507 | or |
508 | .Qq user@host:tapename . | |
ddd2ef55 SP |
509 | .It Ev TMPDIR |
510 | The directory given in | |
511 | .Ev TMPDIR | |
512 | will be used | |
513 | instead of | |
514 | .Pa /tmp | |
515 | to store temporary files. | |
b45f51d6 SP |
516 | .It Ev RMT |
517 | The environment variable | |
518 | .Ev RMT | |
519 | will be used to determine the pathname of the remote | |
520 | .Xr rmt 8 | |
521 | program. | |
0c62667d SP |
522 | .It Ev RSH |
523 | .Nm Restore | |
524 | uses the contents of this variable to determine the name of the | |
525 | remote shell command to use when doing a network restore (rsh, ssh etc.). | |
526 | If this variable is not set, | |
527 | .Xr rcmd 3 | |
528 | will be used, but only root will be able to do a network restore. | |
1227625a SP |
529 | .Sh FILES |
530 | .Bl -tag -width "./restoresymtable" -compact | |
ddd2ef55 | 531 | .It Pa /dev/st0 |
1227625a SP |
532 | the default tape drive |
533 | .It Pa /tmp/rstdir* | |
ddd2ef55 | 534 | file containing directories on the tape |
1227625a | 535 | .It Pa /tmp/rstmode* |
ddd2ef55 | 536 | owner, mode, and time stamps for directories |
1227625a | 537 | .It Pa \&./restoresymtable |
ddd2ef55 | 538 | information passed between incremental restores |
1227625a SP |
539 | .El |
540 | .Sh SEE ALSO | |
541 | .Xr dump 8 , | |
1227625a | 542 | .Xr mount 8 , |
8d4197bb | 543 | .Xr mke2fs 8 , |
1227625a SP |
544 | .Xr rmt 8 |
545 | .Sh BUGS | |
546 | .Nm Restore | |
547 | can get confused when doing incremental restores from | |
548 | dumps that were made on active file systems. | |
549 | .Pp | |
ddd2ef55 SP |
550 | A level 0 dump must be done after a full restore. |
551 | Because | |
552 | .Nm restore | |
553 | runs in user code, | |
1227625a SP |
554 | it has no control over inode allocation; |
555 | thus a full dump must be done to get a new set of directories | |
556 | reflecting the new inode numbering, | |
ddd2ef55 SP |
557 | even though the content of the files is unchanged. |
558 | .Pp | |
559 | The temporary files | |
560 | .Pa /tmp/rstdir* | |
561 | and | |
562 | .Pa /tmp/rstmode* | |
563 | are generated with a unique name based on the date of the dump | |
564 | and the process ID (see | |
565 | .Xr mktemp 3 ), | |
566 | except when | |
567 | .Fl r | |
568 | or | |
569 | .Fl R | |
570 | is used. | |
571 | Because | |
572 | .Fl R | |
573 | allows you to restart a | |
574 | .Fl r | |
575 | operation that may have been interrupted, the temporary files should | |
576 | be the same across different processes. | |
577 | In all other cases, the files are unique because it is possible to | |
578 | have two different dumps started at the same time, and separate | |
579 | operations shouldn't conflict with each other. | |
b45f51d6 | 580 | .Pp |
0c62667d SP |
581 | To do a network restore, you have to run restore as root or use |
582 | a remote shell replacement (see RSH variable). This is due | |
b45f51d6 SP |
583 | to the previous security history of dump and restore. (restore is |
584 | written to be setuid root, but we are not certain all bugs are gone | |
585 | from the restore code - run setuid at your own risk.) | |
8d4197bb SP |
586 | .Sh AUTHOR |
587 | The | |
588 | .Nm dump/restore | |
589 | backup suit was ported to Linux's Second Extended File System | |
590 | by Remy Card <card@Linux.EU.Org>. He maintained the initial versions | |
591 | of dump (up and including 0.4b4, released in january 1997). | |
592 | .Pp | |
593 | Starting with 0.4b5, the new maintainer is Stelian Pop | |
594 | .br | |
595 | <pop@cybercable.fr>. | |
596 | .Sh AVAILABILITY | |
597 | The | |
598 | .Nm dump/restore | |
01fb6bd5 SP |
599 | backup suit is available from |
600 | .br | |
601 | http://dump.sourceforge.net | |
1227625a SP |
602 | .Sh HISTORY |
603 | The | |
604 | .Nm restore | |
605 | command appeared in | |
606 | .Bx 4.2 . |